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Charles Mabry manages a portfolio of equity investments heavily concentrated in the biotech industry. He just returned from an annual meeting among leading biotech analysts in San Francisco. Mabry and other industry experts agree that the latest industry volatility is a result of questionable product safety testing methodologies. While no firms in the industry have escaped the public attention brought on by the questionable safety testing, one company in particular is expected to receive further attention---Biological Instruments Corporation (BIC), one of several long biotech positions in Mabry's portfolio. Several regulatory agencies as well as public interest groups have heavily criticized the rigor of BIC's product safety testing.

Theresa Ponder and Rod Owens are analysts for a multinational investment bank, Datko Bank, based in Canada. Datko's clients have been advised to diversify globally, due to a decrease in expected long-term growth for North American economies.
As part of her analysis of global stocks, Ponder uses the domestic CAPM and the international CAPM to value stocks. She makes the following statements regarding the extension of the domestic capital asset pricing model (CAPM);
Statement 1: To extend the domestic CAPM to international asset pricing using the extended CAPM, one must make two additional assumptions. First, that global investors have identical consumption baskets and second, that interest rate parity holds throughout the world.
Statement 2: The extended CAPM assumes that exchange rate changes are predictable so that there is no real exchange rate risk.
As the primary analyst for European securities, Owens analyzes the stocks in the countries of Catonia and Arbutia. Catonia and Arbutia arc not currently members of the European Union, but have a timetable for joining by the end of the decade.
To evaluate Caionian stocks, he uses the international CAPM. Owens mentions that a foreign currency risk premium must be added in this model, and that the risk premium depends on various parity conditions. He finds that the foreign exchange expectation relation and interest rate parity hold between Canada and Catonia. The interest rate in Canada is 2%, and the interest rate in Catonia is 5%.
One of the companies Owens follows in Arbutia is Diversified Metal Finishers. Diversified produces customized sheet metal applications for manufacturers throughout the world. The firm enjoys a competitive advantage because Arbutia is a commodity-rich country which allows Diversified to source its inputs locally. Owens has found that when the Arbutian currency changes by 10%, the value of the Diversified stock generally changes by 6%.
Ponder is also analyzing stocks in the nations of Bisharov and Dineva. She is estimating the expected return using the international CAPM (ICAPM) for Ivanova Metals, located in Dineva. The data for Canada, Dineva, and lvanova are shown in the following. The foreign currency is denoted as the local currency (LC).
Canadian risk-free rate 2.00%
Dineva risk-free rate 8.00%
World market risk premium 6.00%
Dineva index beta to world market index 1.40
Dineva local market risk premium 7.50%
Ivanova beta to local index 1.30
Foreign currency risk premium 3.00%
Dineva sensitivity of LC stock returns to LC 0.70
Owens examines Ponder's analysis and makes the following statements:
Statement 1: To protect the growing economy and prevent capital flight, the Bisharov government taxes foreign investors at higher rates and has placed limits on currency convertibility. In Dineva, the government has taken a more hands-off approach and does not regulate .foreign investment. If the world were to consist entirely of countries like Bisharov, then the ICAPM cannot be applied.
Statement 2; Furthermore, inflation is often a concern in emerging market countries. To measure an exchange rate between Canada and an emerging market currency that is adjusted for inflation, a real exchange rate should be calculated. Assuming no change in the real exchange rate, the change in an emerging market's asset values in domestic currency will just reflect the emerging market's asset returns in local currency and the difference between inflation rates in the domestic and foreign countries.
Regarding the statements made by Owens on the ICAPM and inflation, are both statements correct?

Sampson Aerospace is a publicly-traded U .S . manufacturer. Sampson supplies communication and navigation control systems to manufacturers of airplanes for commercial and government use. The company operates two divisions: Commercial Operations and Government Operations. Revenues from the Government Operations division comprise 80% of Sampson's total company revenues. Revenues for other companies in the industry are also driven primarily by sales to the U .S . government.
Sampson has gained a reputation for offering unique products and services. Sampson's market share has been increasing, and its net profit margin is among the highest in its industry.
As part of its business strategy, Sampson seeks out opportunities to enhance internal growth by acquiring smaller companies that possess new technologies that would allow Sampson to offer unique products and services. To this end, Sampson CEO, Drew Smith, recently asked his acquisitions team to consider the purchase of a controlling interest in either NavTech or Aerospace Communications, both software applications firms. Smith provides his acquisitions team with an aerospace analyst's industry report that addresses many key issues within the industry. Selected passages from the report are reproduced below:
Sales in the aerospace electronics industry depend primarily on government military spending, which, in turn, depends on defense budgets. Sales depend on commercial travel to a much lesser extent. The government defense spending budget outlook is fairly bleak as the current administration is looking for ways to reduce the budget deficit. We feel the commercial airline segment has more upside than downside, especially as the global economy improves, so we might see a gradual shift in industry focus toward the commercial airline sector. Companies that already have a foothold in the commercial sector are well-positioned to grow during the global recovery. Even so, companies in this industry will remain highly sensitive to government spending for their revenues. Research and development costs are high and the industry is highly capital intense. While there are only a few companies in this industry, good opportunities exist, especially for companies that have developed sustainable profits through wise acquisitions, cost containment, and the ability to secure long-term government contracts.
Sampson Aerospace recently announced that it is reducing its investment return assumption on its pension assets from 6% to 5%, and that it has entered negotiations to possibly acquire controlling equity interests in communications software firms, NavTech and Aerospace Communications. NavTech recently has decided to capitalize a significant portion of its research and development expense, and Aerospace Communications has restructured and reclassified many of its leases from operating to financial leases. Sampson CEO Drew Smith recently announced that Sampson had dropped out of negotiations with Knowledge Technologies, claiming it was likely not a sustainable business model.

For the past 15 years, Susan Luna, CFA, Kyle Lawson, CFA, and Matt Miller. CFA, have worked together as equity analysts and then equity portfolio managers in the investment management division (BIMCO) of the Broadway Life Insurance Company. For the past five years, the three associates have worked together managing the BIMCO Aggressive Growth Fund (BAGF). During their management tenure the BAGF had excellent performance and was well recognized in the financial press.
Just over one year ago, Broadway Life was acquired by a larger company, Gobble Insurance, and as part of the consolidation process BIMCO was closed. The closure allowed Luna, Lawson and Miller to start their own investment management firm, Trio Investment Management LLC (TIM). TIM focuses on the small capitalization growth equities area. This is the same investment focus as the BAGF, but TIM will have individually managed accounts. Several cases have arisen calling for interpretation as to consistency with CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct.
Case 1
TIM markets its investment management services by contracting with small, local bank trust departments. One of the newest bank trust clients for TIM is Shadow Mountain Bank and Trust. Judy Sampson, CFA, the trust officer for Shadow Mountain, has scheduled a meeting with a potential client. When Lawson arrives for the client meeting, he finds that all of the TIM marketing material, including biographies of TIM portfolio managers, has been relabeled by Sampson as the Shadow Mountain Wealth Management Team. Sampson has also added the performance of BAGF into the current TIM Equity Composite Index portfolio and relabeled the resultant combined graph, the Shadow Mountain Equity Composite Index. Sampson states that making such changes would probably please clients and improve the chances of acquiring additional trust management accounts for Shadow Mountain and TIM. Lawson goes along and makes the presentation to the potential client using the Shadow Mountain marketing material and the relabeled BAGF/TIM equity performance record.
Case 2
Susan Luna of TIM is meeting with Sol Wurtzel, an institutional salesman for Turn Byer, a large national brokerage firm. Luna complains that TIM*s technology costs are too high, especially their outside software services costs. TIM currently subscribes to two investment-related software services. The first software vendor is StockCal Software Services (StockCal), which provides valuation and stock charting capabilities TIM uses in their equity research and selection process. The other vendor is Add-Invest Software (Add-Invest), a software program providing account management and performance evaluation reporting which TIM uses in developing monthly reports for all clients. In response to Luna, Wurtzel suggests that Turn Byer has an excellent soft dollar trading desk and would be willing to offer to cover TIM's StockCal and Add-Invest expenses through soft dollar commissions. Luna then reviews TIM's projected commission dollars for the year and decides there are more than enough soft dollars to pay the StockCal, AGF and Add-Invest Software bills combined. Luna believes she can be assured of excellent trade execution from Turn Byer and improved profitability for TIM because of the increased use of soft dollars. Luna then directs that the StockCal and Add-Invest software services be paid for with soft dollar or client brokerage dollars.
Case 3
Sol Wurtzel, the equity salesman for Turn Byer, has referred several clients to TIM over the past year. In fact, Wurtzel referrals currently account for almost 20% of the assets managed by TIM. The principals of TIM decide to reward Wurtzel, either by doubling the commissions paid on trades executed through Turn Byer on Wurtzel's referral accounts, or by paying Wurtzel a cash referral fee for each additional TIM account opened by a Wurtzel referral. The principals agree that any cash referral fee would need to be disclosed to clients in advance.
Case 4
Luna notes that her clients have become increasingly aware of the directed client brokerage / soft dollar commissions issue. At a recent meeting with one of her large pension clients. Service Workers Union Local #1418, the subject of directed commissions came up. Upon learning of the commission dollars available to their account, the Union trustees directed Luna to use their client brokerage of approximately $25,000 to donate to a think lank called the Hoover Study Center of Unions at Samford University. Service Workers trustees believed the Hoover study will increase the public awareness of the benefits unions offer to their members and increase union membership. Luna concurs with the trustee's judgment on increasing union enrollment as a great goal, and follows the client's instructions and makes the $25,000 contribution to the Hoover Study Center. Another client, Rosa Lutz, has asked Luna to credit the soft dollar client brokerage proceeds from her personal retirement accounts to Roswell Academy, to update their computer lab. Luna agrees that a new computer lab for Roswell Academy is greatly needed and she allocates 510,000 of Lutz's commission dollars to Roswell Academy.
Is the use of client brokerage to make the $25,000 educational contribution to the Hoover Study Center of Unions a violation of the CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct?

Henke Malfoy, CFA, is an analyst with a major manufacturing firm. Currently, he is evaluating the replacement of some production equipment. The old machine is still functional and could continue to serve in its current capacity for three more years. Tf the new equipment is purchased, the old equipment (which is fully depreciated) can be sold for $50,000. The new equipment will cost $400,000, including shipping and installation. If the new equipment is purchased, the company's revenues will increase by $175,000 and costs by $25,000 for each year of the equipment's 3-year life. There is no expected change in net working capital.
The new machine will be depreciated using a 3-year MACRS schedule (note: the 3-year MACRS schedule is 33.0% in the first year, 45% in the second year, 15% in the third year, and 7% in the fourth year). At the end of the life of the new equipment (i.e., in three years), Malfoy expects that it can be sold for $10,000. The firm has a marginal tax rate of 40%, and the cost of capital on this project is 20%. In calculation of tax liabilities, Malfoy assumes that the firm is profitable, so any losses on this project can be offset against profits elsewhere in the firm. Malfoy calculates a project NPV of-$62,574.
Suppose for this question only that Malfoy has forgotten to reflect a decrease in inventory that will result at the beginning of the project. The most likely effect on estimated project NPV of this error: