An analyst at a commercial bank is evaluating how the bank applies historicalsimulation (HS) to estimate VaR and ES. The analyst focuses on the approachesused for weighting past return observations, including the age-weighted, volatilityweighted,correlation-weighted, and filtered HS approaches. Which of the followingstatements is correct regarding the given weighting approach?

A portfolio has an equal amount invested in two positions, X and Y. The expected excess return of X is 9% and that of Y is 12%. Their marginal VaRs are 0.06 and 0.075, respectively. To move toward the optimal portfolio, the manager will probably:

The four-quadrant approach categorizes information security risks as:

A risk analyst is evaluating an investment portfolio using the Fama-French threefactormodel. The analyst regresses thirty years of weekly portfolio returns againstthe three factors of the model. The analyst obtains the following regression results:Alpha 0.10Market coefficient 0.52SMB coefficient 0.18HML coefficient -0.70Assuming all estimated coefficients are statistically significant, which of the following is correct?

The head of the fixed-income department of a bank asks a risk analyst to review anoutstanding bond issued by Company GRN, a livestock producer. The bondcurrently trades at a spread of 250 bps over the risk-free interest rate and has arecovery rate of 75%. Senior management of the bank has expressed concernabout the slowdown in business activities in the livestock industry, which isexpected to last for the next 3 years. The analyst applies the constant hazard rateprocess in estimating default probability and assumes that, under a stressed marketscenario, the bond would trade at a spread of 480 bps over the risk-free interest ratecurve, and its recovery rate would decrease to 40%. Assuming the stress scenarioprevails, what would be the correct estimate of the probability that Company GRNwould not default on its bond over the next 3 years?